Microorganisms - Coliforms
February 01, 2023
Food Safety Testing – Coliforms
Coliform bacteria, a group of closely related bacteria found in soil, water and the intestinal tract of animals, have been used as indicators of unsanitary conditions in food and beverage production for more than a century, including tests for water and dairy products originating in the early 1900s. Today, coliform count is a frequent hygienic indicator in several food and beverage industries.
The term coliform has no taxonomic status, but coliforms are characterized as Gram-negative, non-spore-forming anaerobic rods defined by their ability to ferment lactose to produce acid and/or carbon dioxide gas. Examples of genera considered to be coliforms include: Citrobacter, Enterobacter, Escherichia, and Klebsiella.
The most well-known coliform, Escherichia coli (E. coli), is a common resident of the intestines of warm-blooded animals but can also be found in the natural environment and transmitted into food manufacturing facilities as well as drinking water sources. Most E. coli are harmless, but some strains can cause serious food poisoning and disease.
Rather than looking for a specific species, testing for coliforms gives a broader view of organisms in ingredients, finished products and the overall production environment. In this way, coliforms serve as “indicator organisms,” and testing for their presence at large rather than an individual genus or species can signify that unhygienic conditions exist that may harbor pathogenic organisms. If a sample area is under control, the number of these indicator organisms would be contained to relatively small amounts.
Notably, some coliforms have historically been referred to as fecal coliforms, but research has since shown that the more appropriate and current terminology is thermotolerant coliforms because of their tendency to grow and ferment lactose at an elevated temperature. While testing for thermotolerant coliforms was at one time used to estimate the number of E. coli in a sample, some pathogenic E. coli (notably E. coli O157:H7) do not grow well at these elevated temperatures so the practice has all but stopped.
Regulations, Methods of Detection
Coliform standards are included in certain regulatory documents, from the EPA’s Total Coliform Rule1 involving drinking water to the FDA’s Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance2.
Enumeration of coliforms (using selective media such as Petrifilm® Coliform Count Plates) can help monitor the performance of food and beverage processing, equipment cleaning and sanitation and quality of ingredients. Increased levels of coliform indicate areas that may have experienced improper processing or poor sanitation that need to be addressed.
Coliforms naturally found in foods are killed by most heat processing conditions (e.g., pasteurization of milk). Therefore, their presence in foods that have already been processed indicates an inadequate heat process or post-processing contamination that also must be investigated and dealt with.
References:
1 Revised Total Coliform Rule And Total Coliform Rule. United States Environmental Protection Agency. https://www.epa.gov/dwreginfo/revised-total-coliform-rule-and-total-coliform-rule
2 Grade “A” Pasteurized Milk Ordinance. United States Food and Drug Administration. https://www.fda.gov/downloads/food/guidanceregulation/guidancedocumentsregulatoryinformation/milk/ucm513508.pdf
Other Sources:
MN Department of Health Coliform Bacteria Fact Sheet
National Environmental Services Center: Bacteria and Private Wells (On Tap, Winter 2009)
Cornell University Department of Food Science: Coliform Bacteria — Indicators in Food & Water
As regulatory requirements have become more stringent, the demand to test for listerias has increased.
Enterobacteria are recognized as an important group in the food industry for monitoring hygiene and sanitation.
Microorganisms such as bacteria and viruses are the most common cause of foodborne illness in the United States.
Salmonellae stand out among pathogenic organisms for its high prevalence.
Escherichia coli are Gram-negative, coliform bacteria that are one of the most common species found in human digestive systems.
Cronobacters have been isolated from powdered infant formula making the bacteria especially risky for newborn infants.
Coliform bacteria are used as indicators of unsanitary conditions in food and beverage production.
Campylobacters are part of the natural gut microflora in chickens, turkeys, swine, cattle and sheep.
Category: Food Safety, Food & Beverage, Public Health, Microbiology, Pathogens, Bacterial Sequencing, Environmental Monitoring, Sanitation & Hygiene, Water Treatment, Microorganisms